NEWS- MISS MAC

PRINT NEWS

L/O: TO EXPLORE THE PURPOSE AND PROCESS OF THE PRINTED NEWS INDUSTRY

PRODUCTION COSTS?

-Require a large amount of material

-Employ many highly trained staff

HOW HAS TECHNOLOGY CHANGED THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH?

-Printing in colour

-Satellite and Internet; stories wired quickly from anywhere 

DISTRIBUTION COSTS?

-They have to be physically transported 

-Need to be in outlets from early morning

HOW DO YOU LESSEN THE COSTS?

-Printed locally; lower distribution costs

-Online can be global and cheaper

-Free papers (The Metro)

MARKETING?

-Advertising; TV, Social Media, Sister Papers

-Exclusives

-Synergy deals with another company

CIRCULATION?

-Number of copies distributed, NOT SOLD

OWNERSHIP

• Refers to who financially supports and produces the paper
• There are 3 main ownerships: MEDIA BARRON'S- owned by wealthy individuals or proprietors (Rupert Murdoch), TRUSTS- a legal arrangement that transfers funds from the owner to a 'trustee' to manage and control the running of the paper (The Scott Trust, The Guardian), CROSS-MEDIA CONVERGED CONGLOMERATES- global institutions that own numerous media outlets. These may be owned by MEDIA BARRON'S (DMG and Lord Rotheremere) 
• Newspaper ownership in the UK has become a lot more concentrated, and therefore less diverse, as the industry is run by SEVEN companies. More worryingly, almost 60% of the market share is owned by just TWO companies (News UK and DMG Media)

ECONOMIC MODELS AND FUNDING

• The news industry contributes massively to the UK economy despite falling print sales
• Production of is financed in different ways, but the TWO main forms are: CIRCULATION SALES- 14.3 million people read the paper every day, 81% of a paper's revenue comes from print sales, Cost of an national daily paper ranges from 70p-£2.70, Cost of a national weekend paper ranges from 80p-£3.80. ADVERTISING- cost of full page colour as in Daily Mail is over £30,000, papers make money from ads in both offline and online versions, print readers are 75% more likely to read ads
• Alternative methods of funding print news can include: SUBSCRIPTIONS, MEMBERSHIPS
• The print industry is falling and has an increased use of online news
• Traditional funding models may need revising
• Theresa May announced a review of the news industry in Feb 2018 to ensure quality news and journalism 
• Possible funding strategies: GOVERNMENT OR PUBLIC FUNDING SUBSIDES, PHILANTHROPY, GREATER FOCUS ON PAYMENT FROM ONLINE ACCESS, POOLED REPORTING TO REDUCED COSTS OF JOURNALISTS, GREATER USE OF FREELANCE AGENCIES  

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS

• In order to remain relevant and tackle falling sales, news had to go online

HOMEWORK: Read and summarise the main points and explain how this can apply to the two case studies. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/five-reasons-why-we-don-t-have-free-and-independent-press-in-uk-and-what-we-can-do-about/

• six billionaires own or have majority of shares in most of the national newspapers- Lord Rothermere owner of the Daily Mail, Mail on Sunday and the Metro. Papers offer political support to the Conservative party and have the largest circulation within the UK.
• Editorial independence doesn't exist in the majority of papers, owners are able to interfere with what is published in order to fit their political narrative.
• neutral sources can be seen to have a slight political bias- Scottish Independence Referendum found TV news output by BBC, ITV and STV to be biased against Scottish independence.  
• Media products present an upper-middle-class worldview, unrepresentative of the UK population where only 25% earn more than £30,000.
• Under-representation of BAME journalists as well as women.
• Newspapers heavily rely on corporate advertising for more than 50% of its revenue, this advertising results in corporations being able to censor content and influence what is and isn't written about. Corporate structure not only trims individual stories, but it also excludes entire frameworks of understanding.

L/O: TO EXPLORE THE NEWS VALUES, BIAS AND REGULATION OF PRINTED NEWS

NEWS GATHERING: 

• Have teams of reporters who gather news locally or through Press Agencies. These agencies operate globally to identify key facts when major vents happen
• Press agencies report facts without judgement and so all information is objective. The information is sold to newspapers who reshape the story to reflect their own values
• DMG media and News UK are shareholders in PA

GATEKEEPING:

• The editor acts as a gate keeper: responsible for filtering,selecting or omitting stories based on importance and appeal
• These stories must be then checked for accuracy 
• As part of this process, editors can practise PROTECTIVE COVERAGE: withholding information on the ground it would be harmful to the public, powerful people or impede a legal investigation 

NEWS VALUES:

• Guidelines used t identify which news is considered to be most valued, appealing and newsworthy for audiences
• Indicates tat the news is a SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED product
• 12 significant news values are: 

-FREQUENCY (how often things happen)

-UNAMBIGUITY (clear and straight forward)

-MEANINGFULNESS

-CONSONANCE

-UNEXPECTEDNESS

-CONTINUITY

-COMPOSITION

-REFERENCE TO ELITE NATIONS

-REFERENCE TO ELITE PERSONS

-PERSONALISATIONS

-NEGATIVITY

-THRESHOLD

• Whilst the editor is in charge of gatekeeping, the tastes and preferences of the audience are highly influential
• Readers of the Sun may prefer sensationalised stories and so personalised may be made a value as to create emotive stories. The Guardian, composition may be a significant value as the readers desire a sense of balance, liberalism and appreciate debate. 

unambiguity
reference to elite nations
frequency
negativity
meaningfulness



personalisation
negativity
frequency
unambiguity
reference to elite persons
continuity



reference to elite persons
frequency
personalisation
unambiguity



reference to elite nation
frequency
unambiguity
continuity


reference to elite nation
frequency

unambiguity 

composition
consonance

POLITICAL BIAS:

• The UK news industry is considered a FREE PRESS- not controlled by the government
• Newspapers in general has been referred to as THE FOURTH ESTATE- newspapers have a role in safe guarding the public from the government who can go against our interest; the MP expenses scandal, case involved the abuse of political power and privilege. 
• Political bias should be considered in relation to the ownership and regulation of the press. It can be seen to influence thinking and political outcomes, and therefore democracy
• A papers political and ideological values are often referred to as left wing or right wing. a papers position can vary depending on the time and editors
• The majority of the public see the mail as very right wing and the guardian slightly left wing
• The survey shows that over half of the national daily papers support right wing values. this provides a HOMOGENOUS view of our news
• HOMOGENOUS- singular, similar
• this means that most papers offer a similar view of the news they report and therefore reinforce a singular view about our society/culture. opposite PLURALITY- different 
• both the daily mail and the sun are; right wing, support and reflect the values of the conservatives, owned by a wealthy, white male media baron who control global media outlets

L/O: TO INVESTIGATE THE OWNERSHIP, FUNDING, REGULATION, VALUES AND IDEOLOGIES OF THE SET PRODUCTS

OWNERSHIP AND FUNDING:

-Summary of the history of the paper

-The owners/trusts and funding model used

DAILY MAIL- Lord Rothermere, published by DMG Media; been in the family for over 100 years. Rothermere is the controlling shareholder. Circulation shares and advertisement are the main sources of funding, 25% of market share, although circulation figures have dropped. Increase profit from the mail online/ the daily mail TV. Increase price of 60p -70p. Closure of Didcot printing facilities to reduce production costs 

THE GUARDIAN- The Scott Trust, published by GMG. State that their journalism has no commercial or political interference. news values are fair, honest liberal investigative journalism

-Circulation figures

DAILY MAIL- 1,222,611 copies in November 2018

THE GUARDIAN- smallest year-on-year circulation decline with a drop of five per cent to 130,484 copies.

• The DAILY MAIL's circulation figures reach 1,264,810 (june 2018)
• while the DAILY MAIL enjoys almost 25% of the market share in print news, circulation figures have dropped by 12.9% since 2016
• this indicates that the paper is making less revenue from circulation than it has done in the past
• THE GUARDIAN has a share of just 2.8% in the UK print new market
• The paper had a weekly circulation of 986,872 in Nov 2018
• This indicates that sales of the THE GUARDIAN are declining and the paper will make less revenue from print sales than it has in the past

-Advertising costs 

• MAILMETROMEDIA is responsible for developing advertsing revenue for the paper
• A colour display advert in the DAILY MAIL costs £181 per single column cm
• A classified advert usually costs in the region of £300 to £3,000,000 depending on the client
• A banner advert along the bottom of a page in the DAILY MAIL costs a minimum of approx £4,000 before tax
• A colour display advert in THE GUARDIAN costs £90 per single column cm 
• The cheapest advert measures 8cm x 7cm and costs £5,000
• A double pages read advert costs about £32,400
• Have developed alternative funding and revenue streams: donations, The Scott Trust- non profit organisation set up (theguardian.org), philanthropic contributions, reducing production costs (£2.20)

However, if circulation of print new is dropping, advertisers will be less inclined to pay large sums to advertise in the paper, as advertising rates are set in relation to circulation figures. THE GUARDIAN will be less attractive to advertisers if circulation figures keep falling 

-Sales figures for the last 5 years

-Alternative revenue options

DMGT as a multinational, multimedia company published total revenue of £2 billion in 2017, which indicates that while circulation figures of the DMG media print news titles have dropped, as a parent company it is thriving

• Revenue for DMG Media in 2017 was £683 million (£23 million less than in 2016)
• DMG Media still made a profit of £77 million in 2017, the same as 2016

This suggests that while the Daily Mail has had less money to spend on the production and distribution of the paper, the owner has offset losses in a number of different ways:

1. with increased profit from advertising across the MAIL ONLINE brand
2. by an increased in the cover price of the DAILY MAIL from 60p to 65p in February 2018. It is now the most expensive traditional tabloid on the market
3. Closure of the Didcot printing facilities production costs of the paper

In 2016, GMT set out a three year business plan to address the potential economic crisis faced by falling print circulation figures and loss of advertising revenue. They aimed to:

• enhance operating efficiency
• reduce costs by 20% 
• secure new growth opportunities for GMG as a global news organisation 
• adapt to changes in the advertising market

In response to loss in revenue from print circulation and advertising, THE GUARDIAN has been successful in developing alternative funding and revenue streams:

1. DONATIONS- more than 800,000 readers fund THE GUARDIAN, 570,000 regular supporters, 375,000 one off contributors 
2. THE SCOTT TRUST- The Scott Trust endowment fund focuses on socially responsible investment and all profit from these investments supports GMG. The trust set up THEGUARDIAN.ORG, a non-profit organisation that raises funds from groups and privet donors. The trust's shareholders take no dividends from The Trust. Any profit made goes straight back into the GMG and running the paper

-Online options: revenue

-Changes in the last 10 years and the effect on circulation and audiences

Recent technological developments have had a detrimental impact on THE GUARDIAN with print circulation figures indicating that it has the lowest circulation figures of the UK national daily newspapers. However, THE GUARDIAN has responded to this impact of digitally convergent technology by developing its online brand of the paper though: 

• theguardian.com
• the guardian app
• a daily tablet addition 

MAIL ONLINE; known to recognise and adopt new tech, mailonline has grown, both with online and mobile readers, they state they reach 70% of the uk population. 

TARGET AUDIENCE

DAILY MAIL:

59% female

Average age of 59

62% ABC1 (Most in C1)

Majority live in the South East

Have average savings of 39,000

Mainstream, Resigned and Succeeders 

The Guardian:

50% female

Average age 55+

75% ABC

Explorers, Reformers and Succeeders 

Progressives who are interested in culture, travel and embrace technology and change (reason why the guardian.com is so popular)

HOBBIES AND INTERESTS:
The Guardian- interested in culture, lifestyle and sport. They are curious and not feared of our changing future and are more educated than audiences of the Daily Mail
Daily Mail- describe themselves as mainstreamers, resigned, succeeder- high social level. Are still well education (from degree level and above)

ISSUES THEY WOULD BE AWARE OF:
Both- everyday events and world wide tragedies
The Guardian- environmental issues

WHAT WOULD THEY DO WITH THEIR DISPOSABLE INCOME:
The Guardian- Travel, home furniture and accessories
DailyMail- Win holidays, Win money

HOW THEY ACCESS MEDIA:
The Guardian- More people would access the newspaper via theguardian.com or the app as the audience is more prone to technology
Daily Mail- Has an online newspaper however is more successful as a print newspaper; audiences are more traditional and would go to a newspaper to read rather than a piece of technology

FILMS/DOCUMENTARIES/ MAGAZINES/ MUSIC/ SITES THEY MAY LIKE:
Daily Mail
The Guardian- Arts and culture lovers

WHAT TYPE OF STORIES WOULD APPEAL TO THEM:
Daily Mail- Soft news such as celeb stuff and typical "redtop" news
The Guardian- Environmental issues and stories relating to world news

PSYCHOGRAPHICS(VALS):
The Guardian- Explorers, reformers, succeeders... Not impressed about materialism but are socially aware; share traits with The Big Issue


L/O: TO INVESTIGATE AUDIENCES OF PRINTED NEWS AND AUDIENCE APPEAL

29.1 million people a month still read a newspaper in the UK- mass audience
Demographics:

• 51% male
• 55+ most likely
• 57% millennials
• middle (28%) and working (27%) class

Psychometrics VALS:

• Aspirers 
• Mainstreamers
• Reformers 
• The Resigned
• Succeeders 

-Whilst the stories featured in a paper reflect the views of the owner and editor; they also reinforce the values and ideologies of the reader and target audience
-We've looked at gatekeeping and Galling and Ruge's values, but we could also consider Harpcup's news values 2001

CONTENT AND APPEAL:

TECHNICAL CODES-

• Key codes and formatting conventions used to make the paper visually appealing
• How are the following used?- Layout, cover lines and headlines; colours and fonts

LANGUAGE- 

• Lexis and mode of address depend on genre, ideology and TA
• How are the following used?- Movie of address, Lexis

1. Cover lines- play on words (Agony Ant)
2. Uses bright colours to attract audience (weight watchers and food)
3. Prioritises NHS story with the use of heavy large text and that it is centred (serif, traditional values)
4. Direct address is inclusive, "LET'S GO TO WAR", informal and conversational, "come on England", " with HER friend"
5. Celebrity- Ant McPartlin 
6. Entertainment- Food 
7. Bad news- £20bn boost paid by brexit dividend and middle class taxes
8. Follow up- NHS cover line 
9. 2 types of lexis- 1 emotive, "agony", "love"; 2 formal, "Brexit dividend and middle class taxes"
10. Weight watchers cover line larger than England cover line due to the larger female audience
11. Seri font used in the hard/ serious news and the sans-serif font used for entertainment stories possible due to the softer news

1. Includes one headline and only 2 cover lines- looks neater and well balanced 
2. 2 topics of newspaper- World cup and in depth politics 
3. Relevance- "May loses Johnson", "World Cup 2018"
4. Follow up- Brexit 
5. Celebrity- Gareth Southgate 
6. Newspaper agenda 
7. Lexis- emotive "how the nation fell in love with Gareth Southgate", pink contrasts to the blue and to help it stand out
8. Masthead on the right instead of left because the newspaper is different and doesn't follow typical conventions, similar to target audience 
9. Uses red boxes to highlight specific quotes that are relevant to what the audience would want to read
10. The tex is serif front throughout and would relate to the codes and conventions of a typical broadsheet by being traditional (The Guardian font)
11. Formal, serious and indirect because of the well educated target audience

TARGETING AUDIENCES

How do newspapers target and reach their audiences with the following:

• Price
• Daily Mail – 70p (62% ABC1 (most in C1))
• The Guardian – £2.20 (75% ABC)
• Cross-platform advertising
• Daily Mail – www.dailymail.co.uk featured under the masthead
• The Guardian – encourages readers to visit the online website and online readers to subscribe to print
• Promotional offers
• Daily Mail – working with a range of companies inc. WeightWatchers
• The Guardian – range of offers linked to supplements, 30% off of books at bookstores
• Subscriptions
• Daily Mail – the ability to subscribe to the paper
• The Guardian – newspaper states from £1.75 for subscribers, at the top of the website there are buttons to encourage contributing and subscribing. Also has donation packages.
• Sponsorship
• The Guardian – deals with UNICEF, Unilever & Philips: sponsored Glastonbury 
• Partnership marketing
• Daily Mail – offer many savings with Global Savings Group
• The Guardian – contract with Yahoo enabling global reach

CODES AND CONVENTIONS

CODES:

• A complex system of signs that create meaning.
• Can be divided into TWO categories
• TECHNICAL: camerawork, editing & mise-en-scene choices that require technical equipment/skills to produce e.g. shot type, layout etc. 
• SYMBOLIC: the meaning communicated through the technical elements 

CONVENTIONS:

• The generally accepted way of doing something

NEWSPAPER GENRES:

• There are two main genres of UK national daily newspapers – tabloid and broadsheet

TABLOID VS QUALITY JOURNALISM

• Tabloid:
• News, opinion and significant coverage of celebrity, including celebrity scandal. Stories tend to be shorter.
• Headlines include alliteration, puns and emotive language
• The language used includes simple and short sentences and paragraphs. Language is emotive, dramatic or sensationalist. Slang and puns are common.
• Quality:
• News, analysis and opinion; celebrity coverage is minimal. Stories are often longer, with more background detail provided.
• Headlines are straightforward and factual 
• The language used is more complex. Sentences and paragraphs can be longer with more subordinate clauses used. Language is formal, measured and detached rather than sensationalist. Proper titles are used rather than slang or nicknames.
• Newspapers considered 'quality press':
• The Times and The Sunday Times
• Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph
• The Guardian and the Observer
• Financial Times
• The Independent
• Newspapers considered 'tabloid press':
• The Sun and the Sun on Sunday
• The Daily Mirror and Sunday Mirror
• The Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday
• Newspapers considered 'middle-market' tabloids:
• The Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday
• The Daily Express and Sunday Express

TABLOIDISATION:

• Many traditional broadsheets have reverted to the tabloid size in order to cut costs in production as circulation has reduced for print newspapers in the last 10 years.
• The distinctions between the two genres are getting increasingly blurred. DUAL CONVERGENCE is when genres borrow conventions from another in the use of media language and increasingly resemble one another.
• The Mail could be described as a hybrid paper as it follows dual convergence. 

MEDIA LANGUAGE CONVENTIONS:

MEDIA LANGUAGE & IDEOLOGIES: 

• As all newspapers are constructed, they all use media language and journalistic values to incorporate viewpoints and ideologies. 
• Therefore, they can be seen to have a fundamental impact on democratic societies, their values and attitudes.
• The use of connotations reinforce ideology and maintain hegemony, depending on the paper's political bias.

Daily Mirror:

• Tabloid newspaper
• Politically aligned with the left - backing the Labour Party
• Following conventions of a tabloid through the text-to-image ratio, little text accompanied by the unflattering close-up of Theresa May is direct and controversial and positions it’s audience to fear Tory leadership — as May herself is fearful and uncertain 
• Emotive language used to make the audience reflect